Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. A) managed care With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). 1. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Abnormal Motor Behavior. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Fever. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Not able to pass stool or gas. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Thirst. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. B) the cause of the problem. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. c. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Loss of appetite. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Has something like this ever happened to you? Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising.
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